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On-road Vehicle Tracking using Laser Scanner with Multiple Hypothesis Assumption
Ryu. Kyung-Jin, Park. Seong-Keun, Hwang. Jae-Pil, Kim. Eun-Tai, Park. Mignon 한국지능시스템학회 International journal of fuzzy logic and intelligent systems 6 Pages
한국지능시스템학회 International journal of fuzzy logic and intelligent systems 2009, Vol.9 No.3 232-237 (6 pages)
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LPE(Liquid phase Epitaxy)방법으로 제작된 InGaAs/InP Ridge Waveguide Multiple Quantum Well Laser Diode의 광학적 특성조사
오수환, 하홍춘, 박윤호, 안세경, 이석정, 홍창희 한국광학회 한국광학회지 6 Pages
한국광학회 한국광학회지 1996, Vol.7 No.3 266-271 (6 pages)
연구에서는 수직형 LPE방법으로 제작된 InGaAsP/ImP RWG(Ridge Waveguide) MQW(Mutiple Quantum Well)-LD(Laser diode)의 광학적 특성을 조사하여 제작된 LD의 특성과 설계결과를 비교 분석하였다. 광학적 특성 분석결과 제작된 LD가 설계된 데로 측방향 단일모드로 동작하였으며 내부양자효율은 77%, 내부손실은 18$cm^{-1}$ /, 발진파장의 온도특성은 5.5.angs./C.deg.로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들로부터 수직형 LPE방법으로 성장된 에피층의 특성과 MQW의 계면특성이 아주 양호하다는 것을 알 수 있었으며 제작된 RWG MQW-LD의 특성도... -
Anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser in burn wound models in rats
Eun-Jeong Kim, Se-Hun Kim 물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 6 Pages
물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 2017, 제 6권 제 4호 3 170-175 (6 pages)
deep second-degree burn wound, the wound was observed every day and the burn area diameter and retraction quantification at 1, 7, and 14 days were evaluated. Low-level laser was investigated on hematological parameters after 14 days. Effects of low-level laser on the inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) concentrations in the serum were evaluated using immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Group III showed a significant difference in wound size on days... -
The effects of low level laser radiation on bacterial growth
Wendy Chung, Jerrold S. Petrofsky, Michael Laymon, Jason Logoluso, Joon Park, Judy Lee, Ha-neul Lee 물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 7 Pages
물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 2014, 제 3권 제 1호 4 20-26 (7 pages)
with low level laser therapy due to the fact that bacteria commonly found in wounds are killed by laser light. Systemic and meta-analysis studies found the difficulty of comparison of numerous research studies because of differences in the intensities and frequencies of low level laser treatment (LLLT). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of LLLT on controlling bacterial growth. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Variables included LLLT dosage and wavelength on 3... -
The effects of low-level laser therapy in patients with wrist pain
Jerrold S. Petrofsky, Wendy Chung, Lesley De Fazio, Holly Harris, Michael Laymon, Ha-neul Lee 물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 6 Pages
물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 2014, 제 3권 제 1호 1 1-6 (6 pages)
experiments showed that while pain was reduced both immediately after and the next day after laser therapy (p<0.05), there was no significant difference between the laser groups and the placebo group. However, the Mickey Mouse flashlight treatment groups had a greater range of motion than the laser groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: While pain was reduced in all laser groups, it was probably a placebo effect. The Mickey Mouse flashlight group probably received benefit from the heat of the flashlight. -
The use of laser Doppler blood flow to assess the effect of acute administration of vitamin D on micro vascular endothelial function in people with diabetes
Jerrold Petrofsky, Faris Alshammari, Iman Akef Khowailed, Riya Lodha, Pooja Deshpande, Praveen Rajaram, Mahendra Gaikwad, Vidhi Vadera 물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 7 Pages
물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 2013, 제 2권 제 2호 1 63-69 (7 pages)
laser Doppler flow meter. Second, the skin blood flow response to local heat at 42 degrees C for 6 minutes was examined. Results: The results of the experiments showed that the blood flow response to heat was reduced after 3 weeks administration of vitamin D in the subjects with diabetes and in the control subjects (p<0.05). The response to occlusion was not significantly different within each group before and after vitamin D administration, but the group with diabetes had a significantly lower... -
Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether combined with He?Ne laser irradiation-induced apoptosis in canine breast cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway
Huatao Li, Jinjin Tong, Jun Bao, Damu Tang, Wenru Tian, Yun Liu 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2016, 제 17권 제 2호 13 235-242 (8 pages)
Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) combined with He-Ne laser irradiation is a novel and promising photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced apoptosis that can be applied in vitro on canine breast cancer cells. However, the exact pathway responsible for HMME-PDT in canine breast cancer cells remains unknown. CHMm cells morphology and apoptosis were analyzed using optical microscope, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling fluorescein staining and DNA ladder assays. Apoptotic... -
Toll-like Receptor 2 is Dispensable for an Immediate-early Microglial Reaction to Two-photon Laser-induced Cortical Injury In vivo
HeeraYoon, YongHoJang, SangJeongKim, SungJoongLee, SunKwangKim 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 6 Pages
대한생리학회-대한약리학회 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 2015, Vol.19 No.5 9 461-466 (6 pages)
rapidly extend their processes to the site of local tissue injury induced by a two-photon laser ablation and that such microglial response to the brain injury was similar between WT and TLR2-KO mice. These results indicate that there are no differences in the behavior of microglial processes between TLR2-KO mice and WT mice when microglia is in the resting state or encounters local injury. Thus, TLR2 might not be essential for immediate-early microglial response to brain tissue injury in vivo. -
Multiple Effects of a Novel Epothilone Analog on Cellular Processes and Signaling Pathways Regulated by Rac1 GTPase in the Human Breast Cancer Cells
HongZhang, FanAn, LiTang, RongguoQiu 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 12 Pages
대한생리학회-대한약리학회 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 2014, Vol.18 No.2 4 109-120 (12 pages)
synergy between Rac1 and Raf in focus formation assays. Taken together, these results indicated that UTD2 exerted multiple effects on the actin cytoskeleton and signaling pathways associated with Rac1. This study provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism of the antineoplastic and antimetastatic activities of epothilones. Our findings also suggest that the signaling pathways regulated by Rac1 may be evaluated as biomarkers for the response to therapy in clinical trials of epothilones. -
Identification of a Marker Protein for Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry
YoungsukLee, NariKim, HyunjuKim, HyunJoo, YoungnamKim, DaehoonJeong, DangVanCuong, EuiyongKim, DaeYoungHur, YoungShikPark, YongGeunHong, Sa 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 6 Pages
대한생리학회-대한약리학회 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 2004, Vol.8 No.4 6 207-212 (6 pages)
in the 2D gel was isolated and subjected to trypsin digestion, followed by MALDI-MS. The protein was identified as myoglobin, which was confirmed also by Western blot analysis. These results are consistent with previous studies of cardiac markers in ischemic hearts, indicating myoglobin as a suitable marker of myocardial injury. In addition, the present use of multiple techniques indicates that proteomic analysis is an appropriate means to identify cardiac markers in studies of IPC and IR. -
Use of the Erbium laser in treatment of peri-implantitis
Ho-yeol Jang, Jang-yeol Lee, Young-kyun Chung, Hwa-su Koong, Hyoun-chull Kim, Il-hae Park, Sang-chull Lee 대한치과이식임플란트학회 Journal of Dental Implant Research 11 Pages
대한치과이식임플란트학회 Journal of Dental Implant Research 2007, 제 26권 1호 8 49-59 (11 pages)
At the First European Workshop on Periodon tology, peri-implantitis was defined as an infla mmatory process affecting the tissues around an osseointegrated implant in function, resulting in loss of supporting bone. Peri-implant mucositis was defined as reversible inflammatory changes of the peri-implant soft tissues without any bone loss1). The infectious etiology of peri-implantitis is evident2). High levels of periodontal pathogens including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas... -
Buried-Ridge Waveguide Laser Diode 제작 및 특성평가
오수환, 이지면, 김기수, 이철욱, 고현성, 박상기 한국광학회 한국광학회지 5 Pages
한국광학회 한국광학회지 2003, Vol.14 No.6 669-673 (5 pages)
본 연구에서는 기존의 ridge waveguide laser diode(RWG LD)보다 ridge폭에 따른 측방향 단일모드 특성이 우수하고 planar 화에 유리하며 측방향의 유효 굴절률차를 ridge 구조에 추가로 성장된 InGaAsP층의 두께로 조절이 가능한 Buried RWG LD를제작하였다. 본 연구에서는 Buried RWG LD를 CBE장치로 InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple quantum well(MQW) 에피 웨이퍼를 성장하고, LPE로 재성장하여 B-RWG LD를 제작하였다. 또한 ridge 폭을 5 $mu extrm{m}$와 7 $mu extrm{m}$로 하여 B-RWG LD를 제작하고 특성을 비교하여 보았다. 제작된 7 $mu... -
AlGaAs/GaAs multiple-quantum well에 대한 상온에서의 photoreflectance 특성연구
김동렬, 최현태, 배인호, 김말문, 한병국, 우덕하, 김선호, 최상삼 한국진공학회 韓國眞空學會誌 5 Pages
한국진공학회 韓國眞空學會誌 1997, Vol.6 No.2 109-113 (5 pages)
MBE로 성장한 AlGaAs/GaAs multiple-quantum well(MQW)에 대하여 pump source를 He-Ne laser와 Ar laser를 사용하여 상온에서 PR(photoreflectance)측정을 수행한 결과 여러 subband transition peak을 관찰하였다. PR결과를 standard analytic line shape으 로 fitting하여n=1의 conduction band와 heavy hole 그리고 light hole transition peak인 Cl-Hl, Cl-Ll에 대한 energy값들을 얻었다. 또한 상온에서의 PL(photoluminescence)측정에 서 Cl-Hl, Cl-Ll과 관련된 main peak와 shoulder를 관찰하였다. 이 값은 PR측정값과... -
The effect of coenzyme Q10 on endothelial function in a young population
Jerrold Petrofsky, M. Laymona, H. Lee, E. Hernandez, D. Dequine, L. Thorsen, R. Lovell, J. Andrade 물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 7 Pages
물리치료재활과학회 Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 2012, 제 1권 제 1호 2 6-12 (7 pages)
Objective: Coenzyme (CoQ10) is an enzymatic co factor used in normal cellular metabolism. Recent evidence shows that in people with heart disease it can reverse endothelial cell damage in the blood vessels. It is also a potent antioxidant. Design: One group pretest-posttest design. Methods: In the present study, endothelial function was evaluated using the response to occlusion and heat before and 2 weeks after administration of CoQ10, 300 mg/day. Thirty Eight subjects, who are physical therapy... -
Biofilm formation and eradication in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Abraham Mechesso, Biruk Birhanu, Seung Chun Park 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 2 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 추계학술심포지움 144 268-269 (2 pages)
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Tannic acid-mediated immune activation attenuates Brucella abortus infection in mice
Alisha W. B. Reyes, Huynh T. Hop, Lauren T. Arayan, Tran X. N. Huy, Wongi Min, Hu Jang Lee, Hong Hee Chang, Suk Kim 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2018, 제 19권 제 1호 8 51-57 (7 pages)
Brucellosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting humans and animals. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of tannic acid (TA) against Brucella abortus infection. After infection, F-actin polymerization and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (ERK 1/2 and p38α) phosphorylation were reduced in TA-treated cells compared with that in control cells. The mice were infected via an intraperitoneal route and were orally given TA or phosphate-buffered saline for 14... -
Evaluation of expression of the Wnt signaling components in canine mammary tumors via RT Profiler PCR Array and immunochemistry assays
Fang Yu, Roberta Rasotto, Hong Zhang, Shimin Pei, Bin Zhou, Xu Yang, Yipeng Jin, Di Zhang, Degui Lin 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 9 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2017, 제 18권 제 3호 13 359-367 (9 pages)
The Wnt signaling pathway and its key component β-catenin have critical roles in the development of diseases such as tumors in mammals. However, little has been reported about involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The present study detected expression of 30 Wnt signaling pathway-related genes in CMTs; the results are potentially useful for molecular-based diagnosis of CMTs and the development of new targeted therapies. Significant upregulations of... -
Inhibition by miR-410 facilitates direct retinal pigment epithelium differentiation of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells
Soon Won Choi, Jae-Jun Kim, Min-Soo Seo, Sang-Bum Park, Tae-Hoon Shin, Ji-Hee Shin, Yoojin Seo, Hyung-Sik Kim, Kyung-Sun Kang 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2017, 제 18권 제 1호 8 59-65 (7 pages)
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a major component of the eye. This highly specialized cell type facilitates maintenance of the visual system. Because RPE loss induces an irreversible visual impairment, RPE generation techniques have recently been investigated as a potential therapeutic approach to RPE degeneration. A microRNA-based technique is a new strategy for producing RPE cells from adult stem cell sources. Previously, we identified that antisense microRNA-410 (anti-miR-410) induces RPE... -
Inhibitory effect of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng on phagocytic activity and intracellular replication of Brucella abortus in RAW 264.7 cells
Alisha Wehdnesday Bernardo Reyes, Hannah Leah Tadeja Simborio, Huynh Tan Hop, Lauren Togonon Arayan, Won Gi Min, Hu Jang Lee, Ma 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2016, 제 17권 제 3호 7 315-321 (7 pages)
Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been used in traditional Korean and Oriental medicine. However, the anti-bacterial mechanism and therapeutic efficiency of KGR for intracellular Brucella infection are still unclear. In this study, the bactericidal activity of Korean red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) on Brucella (B.) abortus and its cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated. In addition, B. abortus internalization and intracellular replication in macrophages were investigated... -
Isolation and immunomodulatory activity of bursal peptide, a novel bursal peptide from the chicken bursa of Fabricius
Xiao-Dong Liu, Yingjuan Qian, Yong-Sam Jung, Pu-Yan Chen 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2015, 제 16권 제 4호 14 501-507 (7 pages)
The bursa of Fabricius (BF), which is unique to birds, serves as the central humoral immune organ and plays a significant role in B lymphocyte differentiation. In this study, a new bursal peptide (BP-IV) was isolated from BF, which promoted colony-forming unit pre-B formation and regulated B cell differentiation. BP-IV also exerted immunomodulatory effects on antigen-specific immune responses via both humoral and cellular immunity in chicken and mice that had been immunized with inactivated... -
Air assisted lamellar keratectomy for the corneal haze model
Soohyun Kim, Young Woo Park, Euiri Lee, Sang Wan Park, Sungwon Park, Jong Whi Kim, Je Kyung Seong, Kangmoon Seo 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2015, 제 16권 제 3호 13 349-356 (8 pages)
To standardize the corneal haze model in the resection depth and size for efficient corneal haze development, air assisted lamellar keratectomy was performed. The ex vivo porcine corneas were categorized into four groups depending on the trephined depth: 250 μm (G1), 375 μm (G2), 500 μm (G3) and 750 μm (G4). The stroma was equally ablated at the five measurement sites in all groups. Significant differences were observed between the trephined corneal depths for resection and ablated corneal... -
Proteomic analysis of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells after infection by Newcastle disease virus
Xiaoyu Deng, Yanlong Cong, Renfu Yin, Guilian Yang, Chan Ding, Shengqing Yu, Xiufan Liu, Chunfeng Wang, †, Zhuang Ding, 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2014, 제 15권 제 4호 7 511-517 (7 pages)
as unique proteins by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer including three that were down-regulated and 10 that were up-regulated. These proteins were sorted into five groups based on function: macromolecular biosynthesis, cytoskeleton organization, metabolism, stress responses, and signal transduction. Furthermore, Western blot analysis confirmed the down-regulation of integrin-linked kinase expression and up-regulation of lamin A... -
Kinetin inhibits apoptosis of aging spleen cells induced by D-galactose in rats
Mengyun Li, Wuqing Ouyang*, Xiaoli Wu, Yin Zheng, Yunpeng Wei, Lei An 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2014, 제 15권 제 3호 3 353-359 (7 pages)
Kinetin (Kn) is a cytokinin growth factor that exerts several anti-aging and antioxidant effects on cells and organs. To investigate the mechanism underlying apoptotic events in aging cells induced by D-galactose (D-gal), we examined the effect of Kn delivered via nuchal subcutaneous injection on D-gal-induced aging and apoptosis in rats. Our results showed that interleukin (IL)-2 levels and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were decreased by Kn in aging rats while IL-6 production and... -
In vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis to different antimicrobial agents
Ayman El Behiry*, Gerd Schlenker, Istvan Szabo, Uwe Roesler 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 9 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2012, 제 13권 제 2호 6 153-161 (9 pages)
Sensitivity to commercial teat dips (nonoxinol-9 iodine complex and chlorhexidine digluconate) of 56 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains isolated from quarter milk samples of various German dairy herds treated with different teat dipping schemes was investigated in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using a broth macrodilution method according to the German Veterinary Association guidelines. The main objective of the current study was to induce in vitro resistance... -
Evaluation of IGF-I levels and serum protein profiles of diabetic cats and dogs
Gulay Ciftci*, Gul Fatma Yarim 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2011, 제 12권 제 4호 4 325-331 (7 pages)
In this study, we measured the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I levels and evaluated the serum protein profiles of diabetic, insulin-treated, and healthy cats and dogs. The total IGF-I concentrations were 33.74 ± 3.4 ng/mL for normal, 25.8 ± 4.5 ng/mL for diabetic, and 180.4 ± 31.4 ng/mL for insulin-treated cats. IGF-I concentrations were 46.4 ± 6.6 ng/mL for normal, 25.1 ± 4.1 ng/mL for diabetic, and 303.0 ± 61.3 ng/mL for insulin-treated dogs. Total serum protein profiles were analyzed... -
Dynamic analysis of Ca level during bovine oocytes maturation and early embryonic development
Su Li Liang, Qian Jun Zhao, Xiang Chen Li, Ya Ping Jin, Yi Peng Wang, Xiao Hua Su, Wei Jun Guan, Yue Hui Ma 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 10 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2011, 제 12권 제 2호 5 133-142 (10 pages)
Mammalian oocyte maturation and early embryo development processes are Ca-dependent. In this study, we used confocal microscopy to investigate the distribution pattern of Ca and its dynamic changes in the processes of bovine oocytes maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo development. During the germinal vesicle (GV) and GV breakdown stage, Ca was distributed in the cortical ooplasm and throughout the oocytes from... -
Real time observation of mouse fetal skeleton using a high resolution X-ray synchrotron
Dong Woo Chang, Bora Kim, Jae Hoon Shin, Young Min Yun, Jung Ho Je, Yeu kuang Hwu, Jung Hee Yoon, Je Kyung Seong 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2011, 제 12권 제 2호 1 107-114 (8 pages)
The X-ray synchrotron is quite different from conventional radiation sources. This technique may expand the capabilities of conventional radiology and be applied in novel manners for special cases. To evaluate the usefulness of X-ray synchrotron radiation systems for real time observations, mouse fetal skeleton development was monitored with a high resolution X-ray synchrotron. A non-monochromatized X-ray synchrotron (white beam, 5C1 beamline) was employed to observe the skeleton of mice under... -
Microtubule distribution in somatic cell nuclear transfer bovine embryos following control of nuclear remodeling type
Dae-Jin Kwon, Yu-Mi Lee, In-Sun Hwang, Choon-Keun Park, Boo-Keun Yang, Hee-Tae Cheong 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 9 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2010, 제 11권 제 2호 1 93-101 (9 pages)
20 h of fusion using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The g-tubulin foci inherited from the donor centrosome were observed in most of the SCNT embryos at 15 min of fusion (91.3%) and most of them did not disappear until 3 h after fusion, regardless of treatment (82.9-87.2%). A significantly high proportion of embryos showing an abnormal chromosome or microtubule distribution was observed in the roscovitine- treated group (40.0%, p ＜ 0.05) compared to the caffeine- treated group (22.1%). In... -
Effect of dihydrotestosterone on mouse embryonic stem cells exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress
Mi Na Lee, Sang Hun Lee, Min Young Lee, Yun Hee Kim, Jae Hong Park, Jung Min Ryu, Seung Pil Yun, Yu Jin Lee, Mi Ok Kim, Kwangsun 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 10 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2008, 제 9권 제 3호 4 247-256 (10 pages)
Oxidative stresses induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to be involved in several physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Steroid hormones can protect cells against apoptosis or induce cell proliferation by several mechanisms. Among androgenic hormones, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is generated by a 5a- reduction of testosterone. Unlike testosterone, DHT cannot be aromatized to estradiol, therefore DHT is considered a pure...
