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Comparison of APHA-MPN and mTEC Methods for Detecting Indicator Bacteria through a Sanitary Survey of Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island, U. S. A.
황규철, HWANG. Gyu-Chul, GAINES. Jack L., WATKINS. William D. 한국수산학회 한국수산학회지: Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society 9 Pages
한국수산학회 한국수산학회지: Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society 1993, Vol.26 No.3 205-213 (9 pages)
APHA-MPA(American Public Health Association-Most Probable Numbers)은 환경수중에 존재하는 위생지표세균 추정에 사용되는 미국 FDA의 유일한 공인방법이기는 하나 결과를 얻기까지 많은 시간, 인력 및 경비가 소요될 뿐 아니라 일반적으로 정밀도도 낮다는 결점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위하여 개발된 막여과 방법중 mTEC(membrane thermotolerant E. coli)은 분변계대장균 및 E. coli의 회수율이 좋을 뿐 아니라 경비도 절약할 수 있는 방법으로서 알려져 있어, 미국 Rhode Island주의 Greenwich Bay의 위생조사를 통하여... -
Pathogen translocation and histopathological lesions in an experimental model of Salmonella Dublin infection in calves receiving lactic acid bacteria and lactose supplements
Laureano S. Frizzo*, Maria V. Zbrun, Lorena P. Soto, Ezequiel Bertozzi, Gabriel J. Sequeira, Luis E. Marti, Marcelo L. Signorini 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 10 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2012, 제 13권 제 3호 7 261-270 (10 pages)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculum to protect calves with or without lactose supplements against Salmonella Dublin infection by evaluating histopathological lesions and pathogen translocation. Fifteen calves were divided into three groups [control group (C-G), a group inoculated with LAB (LAB-G), and a group inoculated with LAB and given lactose supplements (L-LAB-G)] with five, six, and four animals, respectively. The inoculum,... -
C-reactive protein as an indicator of inflammatory responses to experimentally induced cystitis in dogs
Kyoung-won Seo, Jong-bok Lee, Jin-Ok Ahn, Hee-woo Lee, Cheol-yong Hwang, Hwa-young Youn*, Chang-woo Lee 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2012, 제 13권 제 2호 9 179-185 (7 pages)
protein (CRP) changes in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis with or without antibiotics. We also evaluated availability of CRP levels to serve as an indicator for monitoring or diagnosing bacterial cystitis. Serial CRP concentrations in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis were higher than those of controls (p < 0.001). CRP concentrations peaked on day 7 and gradually decreased thereafter. In the treatment group, CRP concentrations decreased after medication compared to the untreated group (p... -
Virulence Attenuation of Pectobacterium carotovorum Using N-Acyl-homoserine Lactone Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Potato Rhizosphere
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 7 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2011, 27권 3호 5 242-248 (7 pages)
Several soil bacteria were found to degrade N-Acylhomoserine lactones (NAHLs), thereby interfering with the bacterial quorum sensing system. In this research, fifteen strains of NAHL degrading rhizobacteria were isolated from potato rhizosphere. Based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analyses, the strains were identified as members of genera Bacillus, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas and Mesorhizobium. All tested isolates were capable to degrade both synthetic and... -
Comparisonbetween Dot-immunoblotting Assay and Clinical Sign Determination Method forQuantifying Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine
Seong su Yuk, Jung Hoon Kwon, Jin Yong Noh, Woo tack Hong, Gyeong Bin Gwon, Jei Hyun Jeong, Ha Na Youn, Chang Seon Song 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 2 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 추계학술심포지움 188 434-435 (2 pages)
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Flavonoid Extract Isolated from Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Induces Apoptosis in AGS Human Gastric Cancer Cells
Ho Jeong Lee, Gyeong Eun Hong, Silvia Yumnam, Suchismita Raha, Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, Jeong Doo Heo, Sang Joon Lee, Gon Sup 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 2 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 춘계학술심포지움 134 207-208 (2 pages)
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Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in Horses using Serology and PCR in the Republic of Korea
Mukter Hossain, Sung Hyun Moon, Byoung Joo Seo, Won Il Kim, Byeong Yeal Jung, Se Ji Cho, Eu Tteum Song, Jae Won Byun, Ho Seong Cho 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 2 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 춘계학술심포지움 89 184-185 (2 pages)
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Isolation of Salmonella spp. from equine feces in Jeju
Hyoung-Min Park, Seung Joo Lee, Won-geun Son, Byoun-gyun Ko, Hui Yeong Mun 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 2 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 춘계학술심포지움 42 105-106 (2 pages)
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Molecular epidemiological and serological studies of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in Thailand cattle
EunJung Lee, Eun Ju Kim, Jadsada Ratthanophart, Ratchaneekorn Vitoonpong, In Soo Cho, Jae Young Song, Kyoung Ki Lee, Yeun Kyung Shin 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 1 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 춘계학술심포지움 41 105-105 (1 pages)
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Development of biomarkers utilizing variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRS) of inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) against avian influenza virus H9N2
Se Pyeong Im, Tae Sung Jung, Jung Seok Lee, Si Won Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Lazarte Jassy Mary, Jae Wook Jung 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 2 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 춘계학술심포지움 39 104-105 (2 pages)
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Genetic characteristics of canine parvovirus2 (CPV2) in Korea
Boyoun Moon, Seong Hee Kim, Yeon Hee Kim, ByongJae So, Kyoung Ki Lee 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 2 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 추계학술심포지움 126 274-275 (2 pages)
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Estimation of bacterial population in bovine colostrum
Young Min Son, Kwang Ho Choi, Jin Sung Seo, Kichan Lee, Mi Hye Hwang, Byeong Yeal Jung 대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 1 Pages
대한수의학회 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 추계학술심포지움 125 274-274 (1 pages)
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Ultrasonographic ovarian dynamic, plasma progesterone, and non-esterified fatty acids in lame postpartum dairy cows
Pedro Melendez, Veronica Gomez, Hans Bothe, Francisco Rodriguez, Juan Velez, Hernando Lopez, Julian Bartolome, Louis Archbald 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 6 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2018, 제 19권 제 3호 16 462-467 (6 pages)
The objective of this study was to compare ovulation rate, number of large ovarian follicles, and concentrations of plasma progesterone (P4) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) between lame (n = 10) and non-lame (n = 10) lactating Holstein cows. The study was conducted in an organic dairy farm, and cows were evaluated by undertaking ultrasonography and blood sampling every 3 days from 30 days postpartum for a period of 34 days. Cows which became lame during the first 30 days postpartum... -
Packaging of Rift Valley fever virus pseudoviruses and establishment of a neutralization assay method
Yuetao Li, Yongkun Zhao, Cuiling Wang, Xuexing Zheng, Hualei Wang, Weiwei Gai, Hongli Jin, Feihu Yan, Boning Qiu, Yuwei Gao, Nan 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2018, 제 19권 제 2호 6 200-206 (7 pages)
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, febrile zoonotic disease that is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV). RVF is mainly prevalent on the Arabian Peninsula, the African continent, and several islands in the Indian Ocean near southeast Africa. RVFV has been classified by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as a category A pathogen. To avoid biological safety concerns associated with use of the pathogen in RVFV neutralization assays, the present study investigated and established an RVFV... -
Effect of phosphorus deficiency on erythrocytic morphology and function in cows
Ziwei Zhang, Mingyu Bi, Jie Yang, Haidong Yao, Zhonghua Liu, Shiwen Xu 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2017, 제 18권 제 3호 10 333-340 (8 pages)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of phosphorus (P) deficiency on the morphological and functional characteristics of erythrocytes in cows. Forty Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in mid-lactation were randomly divided into two groups of 20 each and were fed either a low-P diet (0.03% P/kg dry matter [DM]) or a control diet (0.36% P/kg DM). Red blood cell (RBC) indices results showed RBC and mean corpuscular hemoglobin decreased while mean corpuscular volume increased significantly... -
Bordetella bronchiseptica antigen enhances the production of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigen-specific immunoglobulin G in mice
Seol-Hwa Yim, Tae-Wook Hahn, Hong-Gu Joo 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 6 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2017, 제 18권 제 3호 9 327-332 (6 pages)
We previously demonstrated that Bordetella (B.) bronchiseptica antigen (Ag) showed high immunostimulatory effects on mouse bone marrow cells (BMs) while Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae Ag showed low effects. The focus of this study was to determine if B. bronchiseptica Ag can enhance the M. hyopneumoniae Ag-specific immune response and whether the host’s immune system can recognize both Ags. MTT assay results revealed that each or both Ags did not significantly change BM metabolic activity. Flow... -
Antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic relatedness of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from military working dogs in Korea
Kiman Bang, Jae-Uk An, Woohyun Kim, Hee-Jin Dong, Junhyung Kim, Seongbeom Cho 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2017, 제 18권 제 2호 13 229-236 (8 pages)
Enterococcus spp. are normally present in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans, but can cause opportunistic infections that can be transmitted to other animals or humans with integrated antibiotic resistance. To investigate if this is a potential risk in military working dogs (MWDs), we analyzed antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic relatedness of Enterococcus spp. isolated from fecal samples of MWDs of four different age groups. Isolation rates of Enterococcus spp.,... -
Efficacy evaluation of commercial disinfectants by using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a test organism
Yangho Jang, Kwangjick Lee, Seonjong Yun, Myoungheon Lee, Jaeyoung Song, Byungjoon Chang, Nong-hoon Choe 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2017, 제 18권 제 2호 11 209-216 (8 pages)
The efficacies of six commercial disinfectants were evaluated by using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium under simulated natural conditions such as sub-zero temperature, short disinfecting time, and surface type (uneven or smooth). We used a suspensionmodel test to determine the disinfecting efficacy under varying contact times (1, 5, 10, and 30 min) and temperatures (25°C, 4°C, 0°C, and -10°C). The bactericidal effect according to surface structure was measured by using a carriermodel... -
Molecular-level evaluation of selected periodontal pathogens from subgingival regions in canines and humans with periodontal disease
Magdalena Goły?ska, Izabela Polkowska, Małgorzata Bartoszcze-Tomaszewska, Aleksandra Sobczy?ska-Rak, Łukasz Matuszewski 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2017, 제 18권 제 1호 7 51-58 (8 pages)
diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the anaerobic bacteria that colonize the subgingival areas in dogs and humans by using rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based tests and to compare the results obtained in each species. Bacterial microflora evaluations, both quantitative and qualitative, were performed by applying ready-made tests on twelve dogs and twelve humans. Five samples were collected from each subject’s deepest gingival pockets and joined to form a... -
Molecular cloning, purification and immunogenicity of recombinant Brucella abortus 544 malate dehydrogenase protein
Alisha Wehdnesday Bernardo Reyes, Hannah Leah Tadeja Simborio, Huynh Tan Hop, Lauren Togonon Arayan, Suk Kim 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 4 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2016, 제 17권 제 1호 16 119-122 (4 pages)
The Brucella mdh gene was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified recombinant malate dehydrogenase protein (rMDH) was reactive to Brucella-positive bovine serum in the early stage, but not reactive in the middle or late stage, and was reactive to Brucella-positive mouse serum in the late stage, but not in the early or middle stage of infection. In addition, rMDH did not react with Brucella-negative bovine or mouse sera. These results suggest that rMDH has the potential for use... -
Development of a monoclonal antibody against deoxynivalenol for magnetic nanoparticle-based extraction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Hyuk-Mi Lee, Sung-Ok Song, Sang-Ho Cha, Sung-Bok Wee, Karyn Bischoff, Sung-Won Park, Seong-Wan Son, Hwan-Goo Kang*, Myung-Haing 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2013, 제 14권 제 2호 5 143-150 (8 pages)
Monoclonal antibody (mAb, NVRQS-DON) against deoxynivalenol (DON) was prepared. DON-Ag coated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DON-Ab coated ELISA were prepared by coating the DON-BSA and DON mAb. Quantitative DON calculation ranged from 50 to 4,000 ng/mL for DON-Ab coated ELISA and from 25 to 500 ng/mL for DON-Ag coated ELISA. 50% of inhibitory concentration values of DON, HT-2, 15-acetyl-DON, and nivalenol were 23.44, 22,545, 5,518 and 5,976 ng/mL based on the DON-Ab coated ELISA.... -
Expression and lytic efficacy assessment of the Staphylococcus aureus phage SA4 lysin gene
Anil Kumar Mishra*, Mayank Rawat, Konasagara Nagaleekar Viswas, Abhishek, Sujeet Kumar, Manjunatha Reddy 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2013, 제 14권 제 1호 6 37-43 (7 pages)
also indicated that the LysSA4 sequence shared a high homology with endolysin of the GH15 phage and other reported phages. The LysSA4 gene of the SA4 phage was subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant LysSA4 induced the lysis of host bacteria in a spot inoculation test, indicating that the protein was expressed and functionally active. Furthermore, recombinant lysin was found to have lytic activity, albeit a low level, against mastitogenic Staphylococcus isolates of bovine origin.... -
Identification of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated by post mortem examinations of a bearded dragon and a gecko by phenotypic and genotypic properties
H. ?lbegi-Mohyla, M. Hijazin, J. Alber, C. L?mmler, A. A. Hassan, A. Abdulmawjood, E. Prenger-Berninghoff, R. Weiß, M. Zsch?ck 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 3 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2010, 제 11권 제 3호 13 265-267 (3 pages)
A. pyogenes strains showed the typical biochemical properties and displayed CAMP-like synergistic hemolytic activities with various indicator strains. The species identity could be confirmed genotypically by amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene and, as novel target gene, by sequencing of the beta subunit of RNA polymerase encoding gene rpoB, of both strains and of reference strains representing nine species of the genus Arcanobacterium. The species identity of the two A. pyogenes... -
A biosensor assay for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples
Vijayarani Kumanan, Sam R. Nugen, Antje J. Baeumner, Yung-Fu Chang* 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2009, 제 10권 제 1호 6 35-42 (8 pages)
A simple, membrane-strip-based lateral-flow (LF) biosensor assay and a high-throughput microtiter plate assay have been combined with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of a small number (ten) of viable Mycobacterium (M.) avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) cells in fecal samples. The assays are based on the identification of the RNA of the IS900 element of MAP. For the assay, RNA was extracted from fecal samples spiked with a known quantity of (10 to... -
The expression of plasmid mediated afimbrial adhesin genes in an avian septicemic Escherichia coli strain
Eliana Guedes Stehling, *, Tatiana Amabile Campos, Marcelo Brocchi, Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo, Wanderley Dias da Silveira 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 9 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2008, 제 9권 제 1호 10 75-83 (9 pages)
An Escherichia coli strain (SEPT13) isolated from the liver of a hen presenting clinical signs of septicaemia had a LD50 of 4.0 × 105 CFU/ml in one-day-old chickens, expressed Ia, Ib, E1, E3, K and B colicins and aerobactin. The strain was ampicillin and streptomycin resistant, and found to have fimA, csgA and tsh DNA related sequences; it could adhere to and invade HEp-2 and tracheal epithelial cells, expressed fimbriae (observed by electron microscopy), and had five plasmids of 2.7, 4.7,... -
Influence of endotoxin induced fever on the pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered cefepime in rabbits
Ayman Goudah, Samar M. Mouneir, Jae-Han Shim, A. M. Abd El-Aty 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 5 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2006, 제 7권 제 2호 10 151-155 (5 pages)
This study examined the effect of experimentally induced fever on the pharmacokinetics of cefepime (75 mg/kg BW) administered intramuscularly to six rabbits. The study was carried out in two consecutive phases separated by a two-week washout period. An infection was induced by an intravenous inoculation of 5 × 108 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli 24 h before the pharmacokinetic investigation. A quantitative microbiological assay was employed to measure the plasma cefepime concentrations... -
Development of synthetic peptide ELISA based on nonstructural protein 2C of foot and mouth disease virus
Jae Ku Oem, Soo Jeong Kye, Kwang Nyeong Lee, Jong Hyeon Park, Yong Joo Kim, Hee Jong Song, Max Yeh 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 9 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2005, 제 6권 제 4호 10 317-325 (9 pages)
It was reported that the sera of convalescent animals contain antibodies to foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) 2C, highly conserved nonstructural protein (NSP), whereas the sera of vaccinated animals do not. But ELISA methods using this protein were not reported and developed until recently. In this study, NSP 2C peptides were synthesized within the amino acid sequence of the conserved 2C nonstructural region of FMDV according to the sequences from Genbank database and used for... -
A predictive model for the level of sIgA based on IgG levels following the oral administration of antigens expressed in Sacchromyces cerevisiae
Sung Jae Shin, Seung Won Shin, Eun Jin Choi, Deog Yong Lee, Jeong Min Ahn, Moon Sik Yang, Yong Suk Jang, Han Sang Yoo 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 5 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2005, 제 6권 제 4호 8 305-309 (5 pages)
associated with the mucosal immunity. However, there is no simple method to monitor the level of sIgA as an indicator for the induction of local immune responses by an oral vaccination in the target tissue. Therefore, the relationship between sIgA and IgG was analyzed to evaluate the induction of local immune responses by an oral immunization with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the apxIA and apxIIA genes of A. pleuropneumoniae in this study. The correlation coefficient of determination (r2... -
Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using different detection methods and molecular determination by multiplex PCR and RAPD
Ji-Yeon Kim, So-Hyun Kim, Nam-Hoon Kwon, Won-Ki Bae, Ji-Youn Lim, Hye-Cheong Koo, Jun-Man Kim, Kyoung-Min Noh, Woo-Kyung Jung, K 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 13 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2005, 제 6권 제 1호 2 7-19 (13 pages)
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is recognized as a significant food-borne pathogen, so rapid identification is important for food hygiene management and prompt epidemiological investigations. The limited prevalence data on Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and E. coli O157:H7 in foods and animals in Korea made an assessment of the risks difficult, and the options for management and control unclear. The prevalence of the organisms was examined by newly developed kit-E. coli O157:H7 Rapid kit. For the... -
Comparative antibody response of five recombinant antigens in related to bacterial shedding levels and development of serological diagnosis based on 35 kDa antigen for Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis
Sung Jae Shin, Han Sang Yoo, Sean P. McDonough, Yung-Fu Chang 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 7 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2004, 제 5권 제 2호 4 111-117 (7 pages)
more accurate indicator of MPT infection than other antigens. At the cut-off point recommended by the ROC curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of 35 kDa ELISA were higher than those of other antigens with 93.3% and 86.4%, respectively. Finally, a commercially available ELISA kit was used to clarify 200 positive and 200 negative sera. We then re-tested these serum samples with our ELISA test using the 35-kDa antigens. 35 kDa ELISA and commercial kit showed almost similar results in ROC... -
Comparative study of PM2.5 - and PM10 - induced oxidative stress in rat lung epithelial cells
Jin-Hyuk Choi, Jun-Sung Kim, Young-Chul Kim, Yoon-Shin Kim, Nam-Hyun Chung and Myung-Haing Cho 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 8 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2004, 제 5권 제 1호 3 11-18 (8 pages)
Accurate estimation of the exposure-response relationship between ambient urban particulate matters (PM) and public health is important for regulatory perspective of ambient urban particulate matters (PM). Ambient PM contains various transition metals and organic compounds. PM10 (aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) is known to induce diverse diseases such as chronic cough, bronchitis, chest illness, etc. However, recent evaluation of PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) against... -
Assessment of the California mastitis test usage in smallholder dairy herds and risk of violative antimicrobial residues
Anakalo Shitandi and Gathoni Kihumbu 대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 5 Pages
대한수의학회 Journal of Veterinary Science 2004, 제 5권 제 1호 2 5-9 (5 pages)
were Staphylococcus aureus (45.6%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (13.0%), Streptococci (11.7%) and Escherichia coli 5.9%. There was an overall poor but significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the CMT and the violative antimicrobial residues in samples from all quarters, infected and non-infected respectively. The results suggest that the CMT use amongst the smallholder dairy sector as a mastitic indicator may not be a risk factor in violative antimicrobial residues problems in milk.


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