Oral epithelium, food debris, and saliva, which remains on instruments after performing wind instruments, provide a favorable environment for microbial survival. There is a concern about the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms via musical wind instruments. However, there is a lack of domestic research in South Korea. This study confirmed the presence of bacteria in wind instruments through international literature analysis. This study also reviewed diseases that were likely to spread through musical instruments. By compiling the previous details, guidelines for hygienic management of wind instruments were provided.