Objective : This study aimed to empirically verify the mediating effect of psychological distress on the relationship between self-efficacy and depression in older adults, in order to provide basic data for the prevention of late-life depression.
Methods : A survey was conducted with 148 older adults aged 65 years and over. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 and PROCESS Macro v5.0. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of the variables, and Model 4 was used to test the significance of the mediating effect.
Results : The mean score for depression was 3.97, and the mean score for psychological distress was 12.68, indicating that overall depression levels were relatively low, whereas psychological distress exceeded the cut-off for the potential risk group (12 points). In the hierarchical regression analysis, self-efficacy significantly reduced depression even after controlling for sociodemographic variables (β = -0.398, p < .001). In the mediation model, the indirect pathway in which self-efficacy decreased psychological distress and, in turn, psychological distress increased depression was statistically significant. The direct effect of self-efficacy on depression remained at a marginal level when the mediator was included in the model (p = .0503), suggesting that the relationship between self-efficacy and depression is mainly explained by psychological distress, showing a pattern close to full mediation.
Conclusion : Self-efficacy in older adults appears to prevent depression primarily by alleviating everyday psychological distress rather than directly reducing depressive symptoms. Therefore, prevention strategies for late-life depression should move beyond a narrow focus on depressive symptoms and instead strengthen self-efficacy and implement preventive interventions that facilitate early management of psychological distress.