This study aims to identify latent profiles of housework time allocation among dual-earner couples and examine differences in marital satisfaction across profiles. Using data from the 2023 Korean Family Survey, we constructed couple-level data and analyzed 3,743 dual-earner couples. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to classify housework allocation patterns, and regression analyses tested differences in husbands’ and wives’ marital satisfaction across profiles. The findings are as follows. First, four latent profiles were identified based on the total housework time and the spousal gap: (1) Low total, moderate gap (reference type), (2) High total, performance-centered wife-skewed, (3) High total, management-centered wife-skewed, and (4) Cooking-focused, wife-skewed. Second, the associations between profile membership and marital satisfaction differed by spouse. In models adjusting for covariates, husbands’ marital satisfaction was significantly lower in the high total, management-centered wife-skewed and cooking-focused, wife-skewed profiles than in the reference profile, whereas wives’ marital satisfaction was significantly lower in the high total, performance-centered wife-skewed and cooking-focused, wife-skewed profiles. This study contributes by conceptualizing dual-earner couples’ housework as latent allocation patterns that integrate total workload, gender gaps, and domain-specific concentration, and by demonstrating that the relationship between housework allocation and marital satisfaction varies across these patterns.