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Biocontrol of Citrus Canker Disease Caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Using an Endophytic Bacillus thuringiensis
Nurul Islam, Sarafat Ali, Seong-Jin Choi, Jae-Wook Hyun, Kwang-Hyun Baek 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 12 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2019, 35권 5호 9 486-497 (12 pages)
Similarly ethyl acetate extract of TbL-22 showed highest inhibition zones 15.31 ± 2.08 and 19.37 ± 3.17 mm against XccW3 and XccM6, respectively. TbL-22 reduced canker incidence on infected leaves by 64.05% relative to positive controls. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the cell membranes of Xcc treated with ethyl acetate extract of TbL-22 were ruptured, lysed, and swollen. B. thuringiensis TbL-22 can effectively and sustainably controls streptomycin-resistant citrus canker. -
Characterization of Antibacterial Strains against Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker Pathogen
Min-Jung Kim, Dae-Han Chae, Gyeongjun Cho, Da-Ran Kim, Youn-Sig Kwak 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 13 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2019, 35권 5호 8 473-485 (13 pages)
Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is an economically important crop and a bacterial canker disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is the most destructive disease in kiwifruit production. Therefore, prevent and control of the disease is a critical issue in kiwifruit industry worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no reliable control methods have been developed. Recently, interest in disease control using microbial agents is growing. However, kiwifruit microbiota and their roles in the... -
Screening of Endophytic Antagonistic Bacterium from Phellodendron amurense and Their Biocontrol Effects against Canker Rot
Shujiang Li, Xinmei Fang, Hanlian Zhang, Yanling Zeng, Tianhui Zhu 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 9 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2019, 35권 3호 5 234-242 (9 pages)
Thirty-four strains of bacteria were isolated from Phellodendron amurense. Using Nectria haematococca as an indicator strain, the best strain, B18, was obtained by the growth rate method. The morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain B18 and its 16S DNA gene sequence were identified, and the biocontrol effect of strain B18 was assessed in pot and field tests, as well as in a field-control test. Drilling methods were used to determine the antibacterial activity of... -
Management of Citrus Canker in Argentina, a Success Story
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 9 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2017, 33권 5호 1 441-449 (9 pages)
used to control citrus canker at this time. We think the process might be usefull to other countries with the same situation. Results from more than 40 years of research in Northeast (NE) Argentina indicate that we are at the limit of favorable environment for the disease. The severity of citrus canker is greatly affected by the environment and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon which causes cyclic fluctuations on the disease intensity in the NE region. Weather-based logistic... -
Occurrence and Epidemics of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit in Korea
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 11 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2017, 33권 4호 1 351-361 (11 pages)
of kiwifruit worldwide. Typical symptoms comprise necrotic spots on leaves, canker and dieback on canes and trunks, twig wilting, and blossom necrosis. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), which is the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker, is divided into four biovars based on multilocus sequence analysis of different genes, additional PCR testing of pathogenic genes (argKtox cluster, cfl, and various effector genes), and biochemical and physiological characterization. Bacterial... -
Selection of Small Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibiting Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Causing Citrus Canker
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2017, 33권 1호 10 87-94 (8 pages)
Citrus canker disease decreases the fruit quality and yield significantly, furthermore, emerging of streptomycin-resistant pathogens threatens the citrus industry seriously because of a lack of proper control agents. Small synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could be a promising alternative. Fourteen hexapeptides were selected by using positional scanning of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Each hexapeptide showed different antimicrobial spectrum against Bacillus, Pseudomonas,... -
Outbreak and Spread of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3 in Korea
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 7 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2016, 32권 6호 7 545-551 (7 pages)
A bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is a causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker worldwide. Psa biovar 3 (Psa3) was first detected in 2011 at an orchard in Dodeok-myeon, Goheunggun, Jeonnam Province in Korea. In this study, we present the results of an epidemiological study regarding Psa3 occurrence on kiwifruit orchards in Korea for the period of 2013 to 2015. Since the first detection of Psa3 in 2011, there was no further case reported by 2013. However, Psa3 was... -
D-PSA-K: A Model for Estimating the Accumulated Potential Damage on Kiwifruit Canes Caused by Bacterial Canker during the Growing and Overwintering Seasons
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2016, 32권 6호 6 537-544 (8 pages)
We developed a model, termed D-PSA-K, to estimate the accumulated potential damage on kiwifruit canes caused by bacterial canker during the growing and overwintering seasons. The model consisted of three parts including estimation of the amount of necrotic lesion in a non-frozen environment, the rate of necrosis increase in a freezing environment during the overwintering season, and the amount of necrotic lesion on kiwifruit canes caused by bacterial canker during the overwintering and growing... -
Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamaldehyde and Estragole Extracted from Plant Essential Oils against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Causing Bacterial Canker Disease in Kiwifruit
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2016, 32권 4호 10 363-370 (8 pages)
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. Antibacterial activity of plant essential oils (PEOs) originating from 49 plant species were tested against Psa by a vapor diffusion and a liquid culture assays. The five PEOs from Pimenta racemosa, P. dioica, Melaleuca linariifolia, M. cajuputii, and Cinnamomum cassia efficiently inhibited Psa growth by either assays. Among their major components, estragole, eugenol, and methyl eugenol showed significant... -
Effect of X-irradiation on Citrus Canker Pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri of Satsuma Mandarin Fruits
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 7 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2015, 31권 4호 3 343-349 (7 pages)
Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is one of the most important bacterial diseases of citrus. Because citrus canker is not found in many countries including European Union and Australia, Xcc is strictly regulated in order to prevent its spread. In this study, the effects of X-irradiation on Xcc growth either in the suspension or on the surface of citrus fruits were investigated. The suspension containing 1×10 cfu/ml of Xcc was irradiated with different absorbed doses... -
Oak Tree Canker Disease Supports Arthropod Diversity in a Natural Ecosystem
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2014, 30권 1호 5 43-50 (8 pages)
diversity. The oak tree site contained 44 oak trees; 31 had canker disease symptoms while 13 were disease-free. A total of 370 individual arthropods were detected at the site during the survey period. The arthropods belonged to 25 species, 17 families, and seven orders. Interestingly, the cankered trees had significantly higher biodiversity and richness compared with the canker-free trees. This study clearly demonstrated that arthropod diversity was supported by the oak tree canker disease. -
Occurrence of a New Type of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Strain of Bacterial Canker on Kiwifruit in Korea
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 5 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2012, 28권 4호 10 423-427 (5 pages)
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae strains, the causal agents of bacterial canker on kiwifruit, were isolated from Korea and Italy in 2011. Among 87 isolates, a total of six representative strains, three from Korea and three from Italy, were identified on the basis of biochemical and physiological tests. Identities were confirmed by PCR using P. syringae pv. actinidiae-specific primers PsaF1/R2, which amplified a 280-bp DNA fragment. The strains isolated from Korea in this study displayed... -
Mode of Action of Streptomycin Resistance in the Citrus Canker Pathogen (Xanthomonas smithii subsp. citri) in Jeju Island
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 5 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2012, 28권 2호 11 207-211 (5 pages)
citrus canker disease were collected from 26 citrus orchards in Jeju Island in 2003 and 2004 seasons. Forty-nine of 111 isolates from streptomycin non-sprayed orchards in 2003 season were resistant to streptomycin. Of 107 isolates from orchards sprayed one time with streptomycin, 58 isolates were resistant, and 166 of 221 isolates from orchards sprayed two times with streptomycin were resistant. In 12 orchards sprayed three or more times with streptomycin, 219 of 247 isolates were resistant to... -
Assessment of Pathogenic Variation against Pitch Canker Pathogen, Fusarium circinatum in Pinus thunbergii and Responses of Natural Selection Pinus
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 7 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2010, 26권 4호 1 299-305 (7 pages)
A half-sib family of two 4-year-old seedlings of Pinus -
Different Profiles of the Negatively Stained Citrus Canker Bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. citri Depending on Culture Media and Heavy Metal Stains
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 3 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2010, 26권 1호 13 90-92 (3 pages)
Staining profiles and bacterial morphology were compared in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri by a transmission electron microscopy. Four types of negative staining regimes were employed depending on culture media and heavy metal stains. The bacterial cells grown on LB agar media often appeared clustered on the supporting film. Meanwhile, individual bacterial cells could be readily found on the preparations from LB broth media. Typical rod-shaped cells (ca. 1 μm in length) and their flagella were... -
Difference of Physiochemical Characteristics Between Citrus Bacterial Canker Pathotypes and Identification of Korean Isolates with Repetitive Sequence PCRs
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 10 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2008, 24권 4호 8 423-432 (10 pages)
of Xanthomonas strains, which causing citrus bacterial canker was compared, and the physiochemical characteristics were used to analyze relationship of the strains for the first time. The pattern of several carbon sources utilization and fatty acids composition reliably discriminated the pathotypes of Xanthomonas strains. The dendrogram which was constructed by 95 carbon source utilization profiles differentiated X. axonopodis pv. citri A, A* and Aw from the other pathotypes. When the dendrogram... -
Research Notes : Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, a Causal Agent for Both Stem Canker and Seed Decay on Soybean
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 5 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2012, 28권 1호 7 55-59 (5 pages)
and molecular analyses revealed that isolate SSLP-4 was nearly identical to Dpc strains from the United States. Pathogenicity tests on hypocotyls of soybean seedlings and detached leaves resulted in typical symptoms of soybean northern stem canker and inoculation on plants at R5-R7 stage caused seed decay. All results suggest that the Dpc strain SSLP-4 can cause both stem canker and seed decay on soybean. Thus, the SSLP-4 isolate has the potential to contribute greatly to understanding of host... -
Occurrence of Stem Canker on Rape Caused by Leptosphaeria biglobosa in Korea
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 5 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2009, 25권 3호 15 294-298 (5 pages)
Stem canker symptoms were observed in a rape field in Muan, Korea during a disease survey in May 2006. A total of 15 isolates of Phoma sp. were obtained from the infected stems of the plant. All isolates were identified as Leptosphaeria biglobosa based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. The Korean isolates of L. biglobosa were assigned to ``brassicae`` among six subclades of L. biglobosa complex based on the entire ITS sequences of rDNA. Pathogenicity of the fungal isolates was... -
Diversity of PthA Gene of Xanthomonas Strains Causing Citrus Bacterial Canker and its Relationship with Virulence
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 4 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2008, 24권 3호 14 357-360 (4 pages)
recognized in citrus bacterial canker, which causing serious damage in citrus cultivation area. To control the disease, it is important to understand the pathological diversity and reason of difference in virulence of the causal pathogen. We analyzed 124 strains of Xanthomonas causing citrus bacterial canker by southern hybridization with an internal 3.4-kb BamHI fragment from pthA gene. Assuming each band represented an intact gene, each strain of Xanthomonas was estimated to have approximately... -
Pre-Infection Behavior of the Pitch Canker Fungus Fusarium circinatum on Pine Stems
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 6 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2008, 24권 2호 2 112-117 (6 pages)
Pre-infection behavior of Fusarium circinatum on stems of pine species was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Two-year-old stems of Pinus densiflora andP. rigida were inoculated with the fungal conidial suspension and subjected to 25 oC for up to 16 hr. Most microconidia germinated 12 hr after inoculation on pine stems. Conidia produced germ tubes from either one or both ends of microconidia. Germ tubes grew over the stem surface and appeared to enter host tissues through natural... -
Comparative Analysis of Korean and Japanese Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Causing Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2005, 21권 2호 7 119-126 (8 pages)
Genomic and phenotypic characteristics of the bacterial strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and P.syringae pv. syringae collected from several kiwifruit orchards of Korea were investigated and compared with those from Japan to elucidate their phylogenic relationships. All the strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae and pv. syringae tested were sensitive to copper sulfate but Korean and Japanese strains showed quite different responses to streptomycin. Korean strains were sensitive to... -
Dispersal of Citrus Bacterial Canker Caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Nursery Plots of Unshiu Orange
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 5 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2003, 19권 4호 5 205-209 (5 pages)
Dispersal of citrus bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri on Unshiu orange was investigated in naturally infested nursery plots at Seogwipo in Jeju island, Korea. Based on phage detection, over 2% of the bacterial pathogen overwintered in canker lesions and started to multiply in late May. However, symptoms were first observed 1 month after the phage detection. The disease dispersed non-directionally to nearby plants possibly because of indirect dissemination of the... -
Aphthous구내염(Canker sore)
조한국, Jo. Han-Guk 대한치과의사협회 大韓齒科醫師協會誌 1 Pages
대한치과의사협회 大韓齒科醫師協會誌 1978, Vol.16 No.7 487-487 (1 pages)
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Comparative Analyses of Four Complete Genomes in Pseudomonas amygdali Revealed Differential Adaptation to Hostile Environments and Secretion Systems
Hyejung Jung, Hong-Seop Kim, Gil Han, Jungwook Park, Young-Su Seo 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2022, 38권 2호 9 167-174 (8 pages)
Pseudomonas amygdali is a hemibiotrophic phytopathogen that causes disease in woody and herbaceous plants. Complete genomes of four P. amygdali pathovars were comparatively analyzed to decipher the impact of genomic diversity on host colonization. The pan-genome indicated that 3,928 core genes are conserved among pathovars, while 504-1,009 are unique to specific pathovars. The unique genome contained many mobile elements and exhibited a functional distribution different from the core genome.... -
Diseases Severity, Genetic Variation, and Pathogenicity of Ceratocystis Wilt on Lansium domesticum in South Sumatra, Indonesia
Ahmad Muslim, Rahmat Pratama, Suwandi Suwandi, Harman Hamidson 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 15 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2022, 38권 2호 6 131-145 (15 pages)
Ceratocystis wilt disease has caused significant mortality in duku (Lansium domesticum) since 2014 and has now spread to all districts in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Recently, 16 isolates from duku representing populations from various districts in South Sumatra were isolated. Analysis for the morphological characteristic of the isolate showed that the population has a uniform morphology. Genetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin sequences verified that the... -
Pathogenicity of Bacillus Strains to Cotton Seedlings and Their Effects on Some Biochemical Components of the Infected Seedlings
Aly A. Aly, Omima M. El-Mahdy, Marian M. Habeb, Abeer Elhakem, Amal A. Asran, Maryan M. Youssef, Heba I. Mohamed, Rania S. Hanafy 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 11 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2022, 38권 2호 3 91-101 (11 pages)
Pathogenicity of eight Bacillus strains to seedlings of four cotton cultivars was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Each of the tested cultivars was individually treated with powdered inoculum of each bacterial strain. Untreated seeds were planted as control treatments in autoclaved soil. Effects of the tested strains on levels and activities of some biochemical components of the infected seedlings were also assayed. The biochemical components included total soluble sugars, total soluble... -
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Lichen Substances against Plant Pathogens
Jaycee A. Paguirigan, Rundong Liu, Seong Mi Im, Jae-Seoun Hur, Wonyong Kim 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2022, 38권 1호 3 25-32 (8 pages)
Plant pathogens pose major threats on agriculture and horticulture, causing significant economic loss worldwide. Due to the continuous and excessive use of synthetic pesticides, emergence of pesticide resistant pathogens has become more frequent. Thus, there is a growing needs for environmentally-friendly and selective antimicrobial agents with a novel mode of action, which may be used in combination with conventional pesticides to delay development of pesticide resistance. In this study, we... -
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Pathogenic Factors of Pectobacterium Species Isolated in South Korea Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
Samnyu Jee, In-Jeong Kang, Gyeryeong Bak, Sera Kang, Jeongtae Lee, Sunggi Heu, Ingyu Hwang 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 13 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2022, 38권 1호 2 12-24 (13 pages)
In this study, we conducted whole-genome sequenc- ing with six species of Pectobacterium composed of seven strains, JR1.1, BP201601.1, JK2.1, HNP201719, MYP201603, PZ1, and HC, for the analysis of patho- genic factors associated with the genome of Pectobac- terium. The genome sizes ranged from 4,724,337 bp to 5,208,618 bp, with the GC content ranging from 50.4% to 52.3%. The average nucleotide identity was 98% among the two Pectobacterium species and ranged from 88% to 96% among the remaining... -
Development of Molecular Marker to Detect Citrus Melanose Caused by Diaporthe citri from Citrus Melanose-like Symptoms
Cheol-Woo Choi, Kyung-Eun Jung, Min-Ju Kim, Su-Hyeon Yoon, Suk-Man Park, Seong-Beom Jin, Jae-Wook Hyun 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 6 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2021, 37권 6호 17 681-686 (6 pages)
It is difficult to distinguish melanose and melanoses-like symptoms with the naked eye because they appear simi- lar. To accurately detect melanose symptoms caused by Diaporthe citri from melanose-like symptoms, we devel- oped PCR-based specific primers Dcitri by aligning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of D. citri with the ITS of Diaporthe cytosporella, Diaporthe foeniculina, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Alter- naria citri, and Fusarium oxysporum found on... -
Role of Trehalose Synthesis in Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis PW1001 in Inducing Hypersensitive Response on Eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Senryo-nigou)
Nur Laili, Takafumi Mukaihara, Hidenori Matsui, Mikihiro Yamamoto, Yoshiteru Noutoshi, Kazuhiro Toyoda, Yuki Ichinose 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 14 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2021, 37권 6호 7 566-579 (14 pages)
Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis (Rsi, former name: Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IV) PW1001, a causal agent of potato wilt disease, induces hypersen- sitive response (HR) on its non-host eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Senryo-nigou). The disaccharide treha- lose is involved in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in many organisms. We found that trehalose is required for eliciting HR on eggplant by plant pathogen Rsi PW1001. In R. solanacearum, it is known that the OtsA/ OtsB pathway is... -
Application of the Maryblyt Model for the Infection of Fire Blight on Apple Trees at Chungju, Jecheon, and Eumsung during 2015-2020
Mun-Il Ahn, Sung Chul Yun 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 12 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2021, 37권 6호 5 543-554 (12 pages)
To preventively control fire blight in apple trees and determine policies regarding field monitoring, the Ma- ryblyt ver. 7.1 model (MARYBLYT) was evaluated in the cities of Chungju, Jecheon, and Eumseong in Korea from 2015 to 2020. The number of blossom infection alerts was the highest in 2020 and the lowest in 2017 and 2018. And the common feature of MARYBLYT blossom infection risks during the flowering period was that the time of BIR-High or BIR-Infection alerts was the same regardless of... -
Characterization of Virulence Function of Pseudomonas cichorii Avirulence Protein E1 (AvrE1) during Host Plant Infection
Duyen Do Tran Huong, Nagendran Rajalingam, Yong Hoon Lee 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 8 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2021, 37권 5호 9 494-501 (8 pages)
Pseudomonas cichorii secretes effectors that suppress defense mechanisms in host plants. However, the function of these effectors, including avirulence protein E1 (AvrE1), in the pathogenicity of P. cichorii, remains unexplored. In this study, to investigate the function of avrE1 in P. cichorii JBC1 (PcJBC1), we created an avrE1-deficient mutant (JBC1ΔavrE1) using CRISPR/ Cas9. The disease severity caused by JBC1ΔavrE1 in tomato plants significantly decreased by reducing water soaking during... -
Identification of strA-strB Genes in Streptomycin-Resistant Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 2 Strains Isolated in Korea
Young Sun Lee, Gyoung Hee Kim, Young Jin Koh, Jae Sung Jung 한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 5 Pages
한국식물병리학회 The Plant Pathology Journal 2021, 37권 5호 8 489-493 (5 pages)
Bacterial canker is a devastating disease of kiwifruit caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringe pv. ac- tinidiae. Canker disease of kiwifruit in Korea has been controlled using streptomycin for more than two de- cades. Four streptomycin-resistant strains, belonging to biovar 2, which are found only in Korea, were col- lected between 2013 and 2014 from different orchards located in Jeju, Korea. The genetic background for streptomycin resistance among P. syringe pv. actinidiae strains were...
