Objectives: We performed this study to compare the short term results of induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods: From Oct. 1985 to May 1998, 121 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were treated with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy (induction group) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (concurrent group), and a retrospective analysis was done. Induction chemotherapy was done for 97 patients, and concurrent chemotherapy for 24 patients. Age, sex, performance status, and pathologic types were evenly distributed between two groups. Primary site showed nasopharynx(72.2%), oropharynx(27.8%) in induction group, and nasopharynx(50%), oropharynx(50%) in concurrent group. Chemotherapy regimen was CF(cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) for 67 patients and CVB (cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin) for 30 patients in induction group, and CF for all of 24 patients in concurrent group. Proportion of patients treated with more than 2 cycles of planned chemotherapy was 94.8% in induction group and 87.5% in concurrent group. Conventionally fractionated radiotherapy with daily fraction size of 1.8-2.0Gy and 5 fractions/week was done. Total dose was 61-95Gy (median 73.4Gy) for induction group, and 69.4-75.4Gy (median 69.4Gy) for concurrent group. Follow-up time was 4-161 months (median 38 months) for induction group, 7-35 months (median 21.5 months) for concurrent group, respectively. Results: According to treatment modality, overall 2-year survival rates were 68.0% for induction group, 74.3% for concurrent group (p>0.05). two-year disease-free survival rates were 51 % and 74% (p=0.05). Complete response rates were 67.4% for induction group and 83.3% for concurrent group (p=0.09). The incidence of grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity (2.1% vs. 25%, p=0.001) and grade 3-4 mucositis (9.3% vs. 37.5%, p=0.002) during radiotherapy was higher in concurrent group. Conclusion: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy showed a trend of improvement in short-term survival and treatment response when compared with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. A more controlled randomized trial is needed.