This study was performed to compare the efficacy of carboxymethylchitosan fabric (CMCF) with that of the combination of CMCF and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the prevention of postoperative uterine adhesion in rats. Adhesions were induced by suturing both the uterine serosa and peritoneum abrased until petechial bleeding occurred. Fourteen days later, adhesions were evaluated clinically and histopathologically. The mean tensile strength was significantly decreased in the CMCF and CMCF+LMWH groups compared to that of control group, and the CMCF+LMWH group had the lowest tensile strength. The distance of adhesion site was highest in the CMCF group and slightly decreased in the CMCF+LMWH group comparing to that of control group. The inflammatory cell infiltration and neovascularization of the CMCF group were significantly lower than those of the control group. It was observed that the damage at intestinal serosa was significantly decreased in the CMCF+LMWH group comparing to that of control group. Therefore, it was concluded that CMCF and LMWH may be useful to prevent postoperative uterine adhesion in rats.