Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction conditions for functional components of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of three independent variables, namelyextraction temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and ethanol concentration (X3), on responses including extraction yield (Y1), total phenolic content in the extract (Y2), $alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity (Y3), and acetylcholine esterase (ACE) inhibition activity (Y4). Data were analyzed using an expert design strategy and statistical software. The maximum yield was 24.95% (w/w) at $55.75^{circ}C$ extraction temperature, 8.75 hextraction time, and 15.65% (v/v) ethanol. The maximum total phenolic yield was 222.45 mg/100 g under the conditions of $28.11^{circ}C$ extraction temperature, 8.65 h extraction time, and 81.72% (v/v) ethanol. The maximum $alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity was 85.38% at $9.62^{circ}C$, 7.86 h, and 57.58% (v/v) ethanol. The maximum ACE inhibition activity was 86.91% under extraction conditions of $10.12^{circ}C$, 4.86 h, and 44.44% (v/v) ethanol. Based on superimposition of a four-dimensional RSM with respect to levels of total phenolics, $alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity, and ACE inhibition activity, obtained under various extraction conditions, the optimum ranges of conditions were an extraction temperature of $0-70^{circ}C$, an extraction time of 2-8 h, and an ethanol concentration of 30-80% (v/v).