Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecular structures derived from microbes including bacteria, viruses, yeast, and fungi. TLRs have emerged as a major signaling component of the mammalian host defense. TLR4 is a member of the Toll family that senses lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of gram negative bacteria. LPS recognition by TLR4 requires an additional accessory molecule, MD-2. LPS induces the activation of NF-${kappa}B$ and IRF3 through MyD88 or TRIF-dependent pathways. The activation of NF-${kappa}B$ leads to the induction of inflammatory gene products including cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of oak wood vinegar. Oak wood vinegar inhibits the NF-${kappa}B$ activation and COX-2 expression induced by LPS. These results provide new ideas to understand the mechanism of oak wood vinegar for its anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.