Purpose: Bone loss resulting from cancer treatment is an emerging problem among cancer survivors. However, the mechanism and treatment of cancer treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL) is not fully understood. The purpose of this article was to review the recent advances in CTIBL. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted. Results: Risk factors for CTIBL that are unique to or commonly found in cancer survivors include chemotherapy-induced menopause, anti-estrogen and anti-androgen therapies, gonadotropin-releasing hormone suppression of gonadal function, and use of glucocorticoids. Assessment of CTIBL is performed using dual X-ray absorptiometry testing for measurement of BMD levels, Fracture Risk Assessment Tool, and bone turnover markers. Initial strategies for prevention of CTIBL include lifestyle modifications such as exercise, an adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, avoiding tobacco use, and limiting alcohol intake. Pharmacologic therapy should be considered for patients at high risk for bone loss or fracture. Conclusions: Prevention of CTIBL may be the best way to decrease morbidity and financial costs associated with osteoporosis and/or fractures. Oncology nurses should be well prepared to identify cancer survivors at risk of CTIBL, and to provide them with education regarding prevention and treatment of CTIBL.