Master of Business Administration (MBA) education is growing rapidly in China, while many business schools in Japan are having difficulty in recruiting new students. The MBA education in China and Japan followed a different course and showed very different trends. In this article, we make a comparative study of MBA education in China and Japan. The emphasis is put on analyzing the reasons that caused the difference in the MBA education in the two Asian countries. We trace back the development of MBA education in China and Japan, examining the MBA education from the viewpoint of social environment, enterprise culture, and government support and control as well as the incentive and faculty management system of universities.