One of the major changes in the current global business environment is that the global value chains (GVCs) of just a few multinational enterprises (MNEs) conduct most of the global business activities. These GVCs are structurally subdivided and regionally dispersed as a result of these MNEs’ new strategies, which are influenced by the globalization, liberalization and deregulation of nations and enterprises, the development of transportation and telecommunication technologies, and the growth of emerging market economies. The process of such globalization is further accelerated by the decreasing costs of coordinating international division of labor activities and simultaneously provides threats and opportunities not only for multinational enterprises, but also for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can secure financial stability, increase productivity and enter the global market by participating in GVCs of the MNEs. However, SMEs require higher levels of financial and managerial resources and face more global competition to successfully participate in GVCs. Due to the many opportunities and threats to SMEs that come with participating in GVCs, appropriate government policies providing protection and support are needed for SMEs in developing, emerging, as well as developed markets (OECD 2007; UNCTAD 2010). The purpose of this study is to examine the political and strategic implications of supporting the participation of Korean SMEs in GVCs through detailed analyses of the current global competitiveness and industrial revealed comparative advantages (RCAs) of Korean SMEs. While previous studies on this topic exist, this study differentiates itself in three main ways. (1) This is the first time trade in value added (TiVA) is used to analyze Korean SMEs’ industrial competitiveness. (2) The methods of Korean SME participation in GVCs are classified by domestic and foreign production, of which competitiveness is measured by domestic value added and foreign direct investment, respectively. (3) This study proposes the linkage strategy between Korean MNEs and SMEs based on the evaluation of their industrial competitiveness.