This study examines symbolization of possession, among folk context in Japan. The fundamental purpose of rites is to serve and pray a god concerning things man’s power cannot reach. At this point, one of concrete methods to hear a god’s will is possession. Gods is classified according to the purpose of a rite. In addition, systems that a god appears at the place of the rite and shows its existence are also different according to the position or level of a god in the rite. It is true that possession and a divine revelation are the most essential factors in rites. Also it is true that various gods appearing in rites have different symbolization patterns according to methods of possession.
How did man realize the existence of a god and symbolize it? It is no exaggeration to say that the basics of a festival consist of devices to confirm the existence of a god.
The study focuses on symbols that are expressed as realization of invisible existence among various phenomena in festivals in Japan, that is, ‘symbolization of god’. In particular, the study studies how non-routine phenomenon called possession is expressed through materials related with ‘possession (神がかり)’ of festivals in Japan. Possession of Shugendo (修驗道), a folk mountain worship in Japan as well as a shaman, the essence of possession, were examined through personal rites and public rites in a village. Guchiyose (口寄) of Itako (イタコ)is not a generalized god, but a close spirit that is a relative of a client. That is, it is a specific existence. On the other hand, functions and characters of a god in Izaihou (イザイホウ), a group rite, are not concrete because the god is not clear like personal rites. Namely, it is a vague existence. Although regarding possession of Shugendo, we can know that a divine revelation is more concrete and specific in Hikijza (引座), a personal rite, there are no concrete divine revelation in Gohousai (護法祭), a group rite. A shaman (護法實)’s behavior of going round the court is focused. It will be able to assume that the whole group participating in the festival confirms the existence of a god through possession rather than the god’s will.
The situation permits of intervention of performing arts in terms of economy or scale because direct exchange with a spirit is required in a personal rite. But in public festival fields, the possibility which the entertainment or performing arts will be intervened is immanent since symbolization of possession is accelerated rather than true possession.