The Na+-and K+-induced Ca++ release was measured isotopically by Milipore filter technique in mitochondria isolated from rabbit ventricles. The release of Ca++ from mitochondria could be induced by 1-3 mM of Na+ added in incubating medium under the presence of 0.5mM EGTA to prevent the released Ca++ from rebinding with mitochondrial membrane. The amount of Ca++ released was increased by increasing the concentration of Na+ added. 100mM K+, in itself, did not induce the Ca++ release from cardiac mitochondria, the Na+-induced Ca++ release, however, was potentiated by the presence of K+. The potentiation of Na+-induced Ca++ release by K+ was proportional to the Na+/K+ ratio presented in the incubating medium. Among the monovalent cations other than Na+, the release of Ca++ from cardiac mitochondria was shared only by =Li+. The Na+-induced Ca++ release could be also observed in the mitochondria isolated from liver and kidney. However, the Na+ sensitivity was somewhat lower in liver and kidney mitochondria than in heart mitochondria. The release of Ca++ induced by Na+ in the mitochondria isolated from the experimentally produced failured heart was not different from that in the normal heart mitochondria, and was not directly modified by 10-6 ~ 10-5 M of Ouabain. From the experiments, it was suggested that the Ca++ released from mitochondria by Na+ could be used in excitation-contraction coupling process to initiate the contraction of the cardiac myofibrils. Futhermore, it appeared that the phenomenon of Ca++ release from cardiac mitochondria by Na+ and K+ might be related to the inotropic effect of digitalis glycoside which could bring about the increase of Na+ or the reduction of K+ intracellulary through the inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase.