Adenosine receptors in rat adipose tissues have been reported to be of A1 subclass, and their stimulation leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in inhibition of lipolysis. In the present study we investigated changes in A1 adenosine receptor-adenylyl cyclase system of adipocytes following induction of experimental diabetes in rats. One week following experimental diabetes were induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body wt.), adipocytes from rats (170 ~ 230g) fed ad libitum were isolated using collagenase. When adipocytes were incubated for 1 h with 1 unit/ml adenosine deaminase and 1μM isoproterenol, and assayed for glycerol formation, it was found that the inhibition of lipolysis in diabetic adipocytes by (-)-N6-(R-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA), an A1, adenosine receptor agonist, was twice that of control adipocytes. In an effort to delineate the mechanism(s), [3H]PIA binding to adipocytic membranes from diabetic and control rats were determined. Neither the affinities nor numbers of A1 adenosine receptor were significantly different from each other (Best fit parameters for the one-site model are: Kd=0.51 ± 0.09nM and Bmax=1.60 ± 0.12 pmoles/mg protein for control membranes; Kd=0.54 ± 0.21 nM and Bmax=1.72 ± 0.31 pmoles/mg protein for diabetic membranes). However, the inhibiton by PIA of the isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities was found to be 1.9 times higher in adipocytic membranes from diabetic rats than those from controls. These results suggest that the increased sensitivity of inhibition of lipolysis to PIA in adipocytic membranes from diabetic rats is due to changes in signal transduction pathways, rather than alterations of A1 adenosine receptor molecules themselves.