The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of similarities between a mother's and child's temperament in relation to maternal child rearing behavior. The participants of this study were children and their mothers. In terms of the sampling method, the study sampled 437 children from 4 to 7 years old from 8 kindergarten and nurseries in Seoul and Kyunggi. Excluding 16 that were not effective, the study used a total of 437 children including 208 male and 229 female children and their mothers. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed by cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and one-way Anova was conducted by means of the standardized temperament factor scores. The analysis of the collected data, produced the following conclusions. Firstly, 5 similarity groups of mother-child temperament were derived through cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. Group 1 was composed of those mothers with a high degree of both Activity and Sociability. Group 2 was composed of those mothers and children classified as ‘difficult’. Group 3 was composed of those children with high levels of both Activity and Sociability. Group 4 was composed of those mothers and children who were classified as being ‘slow to warm up’, and Group 5 was classified as being ‘easy’ in terms of the mother-child relationship. Secondly, the most harmonious groups were Group 2(the ‘difficult’ mother-child group), 5(the ‘easy’ mother-child group) in which maternal parenting behavior was predominantly one of warmth between mothers and children with low ‘Emotionality’ and high degrees of ‘Activity’ and ‘Sociability’. The least harmonious groups were Group 1(mother's with high Activity, Sociability) and Group 3(children with high Activity, and Sociability) which was distinguished by mothers and children with high levels of ‘emotionality’ and in contrast, mothers and children with high levels of ‘Activity’ and ‘Sociability’. In conclusion, this study found that mother's and children's ‘Emotionality’ plays an important role when there is a similarity in temperament, and a similarity in temperament between a mother and a child has an impact upon maternal parenting behavior.