This study aimed to analyze the types of and priority tasks for social accountability in medical schools. A survey was conducted among the deans of 40 medical schools in Korea who were currently responsible for the schools and could present opinions on the implementation of social accountability. We developed the survey used in this study, entitled “Opinion Survey on the Importance and Status of Factors Influencing the Implementation of Social Accountability by Medical Schools.” The deans from all 40 medical schools (100 percent) provided responses. Cluster analysis revealed three types of social accountability in medical schools: leading, growing, and potential. Five out of the forty medical schools were considered leading medical schools with a high level of social accountability. Importance-Performance Analysis revealed the main common priority tasks in medical schools; it was also found that challenging tasks differed based on the level of social accountability in medical schools. The leading medical schools were found to highly prioritize the establishment of monitoring systems and the development of indicators, while growing and potential medical schools were found to prioritize tasks in the areas of physical and financial environmental. Therefore, medical schools need to strengthen partnerships with major stakeholders and establish different ways of meeting social accountability according to the social and cultural contexts of the schools.