This study investigates the development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) education program based on data understanding for elementary school students. An education program of ten hours was designed based on the ADDIE instructional design model. To verify the content validity of the designed education program, 12 experts in AI convergence education or computer education were organized as an expert group, and the content validity test was conducted. Based on the results of the content validity test, the education program was modified, supplemented, and applied to the educational field. To find out how the developed educational program affects the improvement of learners’ AI literacy, pre-test and post-test were conducted and analyzed for a single group. As a result of the application of the program, the learners’ basic knowledge of AI, the ability to use AI, and the ability to develop AI were significantly improved. In the area of AI ethics and values, there was no significant change in the ethical judgment part of the overall use of AI, but the ethical judgment part of the data use improved significantly. It is expected that the data understanding-based AI education program developed in this study will be used to improve AI literacy in the school field.