This study investigated the impact of role ambiguity, group cohesion, and social presence on elementary students' attitudes toward cooperative learning in m-learning environments. A total of 93 elementary school students participated in this study. The participants received initial m-learning and teamwork skills instruction and were randomly assigned to small discussion groups. They participated in online discussions and learning activities using their tablet PCs.
After m-learning activities, data analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between the students' perceptions of role ambiguity, group cohesion, social presence, and attitudes toward cooperative learning in m-learning environments. The results indicate that the students' perceptions of role ambiguity and social presence significantly affected their attitudes toward cooperative m-learning. However, the students' perception of group cohesion did not significantly affect their attitude toward m-learning. Based on the results of this study, a method is proposed for effectively integrating education into an m-learning environment, based on the relationships between variables.