This paper examines the Xichagou cemetery, which was excavated in 1956 after having been heavily looted by locals, and whose report was finally published in 2022. It summarizes the discovery, looting, and excavation of the site and reviews the subsequent researches on its archaeological data and the discussion of the ethnic identity of those buried in the cemetery. This paper also compares the archaeological data of the site with those of contemporary sites in northeast China, including the Pingyang site of Tailai, Heilongjiang, and the Laoheshen site of Yushu, Jilin. The analysis of the ethnic identity of the Xichagou site requires the comparative examination of the different ethnic groups who occupied northeast China during the last two centuries of the Common Era, such as Puyeo (Fuyu), Ohwan (Wuhuan), Seonbi (Xianbei), and Hyungno (Xiongnu). The paper raises a serious doubt on the view presented in the excavation report that this site belonged to the pastoral society of Wuhuan, and instead presents an alternative interpretation of its ethnic identity as being associated with the agrarian society of Puyeo (Fuyu) on the basis of burial customs and the characteristics of the burial goods.