Objective The primary aim was to evaluate the influence of depressive and anxiety symptoms on the 1-year recurrence rate of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. The secondary aim was to examine the risk factors leading to psychological distress. Methods A total of 104 NMIBC patients were enrolled for interviews, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire survey was administered 1 month after their operation. Their cystoscopy results were followed up. The risk factors affecting their 1-year recurrence rate were evaluated through univariate analysis, Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. The risk factors causing depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated through univariate analysis and logistic regression. Results In addition to American Urological Association risk stratification, depressive symptoms were another independent risk factor for recurrence in NMIBC patients (HR: 2.493, 95% CI: 1.048-5.930, p=0.039), and the increase in the recurrence rate was highly significant in intermediate-risk patients (HR: 8.496, 95% CI: 2.178-33.138, p=0.019). Anxiety symptoms were not an independent risk factor for recurrence (HR: 1.655, 95% CI: 0.714-3.837, p=0.240). We also observed that the burden of medical expenses of NMIBC on the family was an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms (p=0.029) and anxiety symptoms (p=0.048); chronic pain was an independent risk factor for anxiety symptoms (OR: 3.447, 95% CI: 1.182-10.052, p=0.023). Conclusion Depression symptoms are an independent risk factor for recurrence in NMIBC patients. Moreover, the burden of medical expenses on the family is an independent risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms in NMIBC patients. Additionally, chronic pain is a risk factor for anxiety symptoms in NMIBC patients. This study provided a theoretical foundation for clinical oncologists to pay more attention to the mental health of NMIBC patients.