Educational reform for excellence, efficiency and accountability has been a global concern since the 1980s. This reform movement is largely initiated by reform-oriented political leaders and mass media, and dominated by neo-liberal ideology and ideas of new public management (NPM), restructuring many aspects of schooling: the system of school management and educational administration, the evaluation schemes of schools, teaching and student performance, the culture of teaching and learning, and the structure of educational opportunity and its associated mode of socio-cultural reproduction.