The relationship between orality and literacy has long been a topic of
discussion in the West, but the modern examination of this relationship could
be said to have begun in the 1960s. This paper examined some of the
representative theories from British, Canadian, and American pioneers in the
field, in the hope of leading to a better understanding of these theories.
1960 was a watershed year in the study of orality and literacy, as this was
the year when Albert Lord published his The Singer of Tales. Carrying on
the academic tradition of Milman Parry, this study of Slavic oral epics and their
singers gave the academic world the oral-formulaic theory. The paper next
examined the research of the Canadian communication theorist Marshal
McLuhan, the American communication theorist and Jesuit priest Walter Ong,
the British classicist Eric Havelock, the British social anthropologist Jack
Goody, and the British social anthropologist Ruth Finnegan.
McLuhan argued that the transition from orality to literacy led to a change
in the "ratio of the senses," from the auditory to the visual, and that this change
also led to drastic changes in humanity's way of thinking. He also claimed
that the evolution of media was not a smooth one but one in which new
media obliterate old media; this idea of a "break" was one that characterized
McLuhan's theories. Ong also believed that the evolution of media led to
changes in the way of thinking, but this evolution was not one of a "break"
between the old and new so much as it was one in which the new reinforces
the old. However, a look at his actual arguments shows that he felt it was
only natural the old media should disappear to make way for the new media.
His theories on "primary orality" (orality as it exists in cultures that have never
been exposed to written language) and "secondary orality" (orality as it exists
in cultures that have been exposed to written language) were particular
influential to future generations of scholars.
Havelock, on the other hand, argued that at the time of Plato's writing of
The Republic―centuries after the introduction of the alphabet―orality was
still the dominant mode, and he opened up the possibility of coexistence
between orality and literacy. Like McLuhan and Ong, he also believed that
changes in media were related to changes in ways of thinking, but he insisted
that this process took quite some time. For his part, Goody showed how
orality is characterized by the preservation of social traditions through memory
and forgetfulness, while literacy is characterized by an historical consciousness
based on an objective outlook on life, but he also argued that orality continued
to exist in literate societies. If there was a change to be seen in media, he
believed (unlike McLuhan) that this change was a natural and organic one.
Finnegan also denied what she termed "The Great Divide," and argued that
orality and literacy existed on a continuum. She also rejected the strong version
of technological determinism, which held that media alone were the catalysts
of changes in human ways of thinking.