This study presents a detailed pharmacognostical study of the underground portion of the crude drug Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae), an important plant in the Indian system of medicine. The root and stolon were studied using procedures of light, conofocal microscopy, WHO recommended-physicochemical determinations, and authentic phytochemical procedures. The physicochemical, morphological, and histological parameters presented in this paper may be proposed as parameters to identify and establish the authenticity of S. indicus root and stolon.