Vascular dementia(VaD) is currently considered to be the second most common type of dementia. VaD is not a single diagnostic entity, but a heterogeneous syndrome which encompasses several clinicopathological forms of dementia resulting from cerebrovascular diseases. A common form of VaD is subcortical VaD which is characterized by lacunar infarcts and deep white matter changes, leading to a progressive decline in memory and cognitive function. The neuropsychological and cognitive profiles of subcortical VaD have been reported relatively homogeneous. At present, subcortical vascular dementia is regarded as the most important subtype of VaD with getting the attention of vascular dementia. The aims of this study are to discuss the concept of subcortical VaD and its importance focusing on diagnosis, prevention and treatment with a case report.