The interfacial adhesion between the chloroprene rubber (CR) and aramid fiber treated with cold plasma was investigated. The surface properties of aramid fiber and CR were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements. The surface morphology of the aramid fiber changed with the plasma treatment time, power and gas flow rate. The interfacial shear strength, between the plasma treated aramid fiber and CR, was calculated using the pull-out test results. The interfacial adhesion properties of the aramid fabric/CR composite were determined using a T-peel test. Consequently, the strong interaction between the plasma treated aramid fiber and CR matrix improved the interfacial adhesion strength of the composite.