The marine environment is a rich source of materials with significant biological activities. Isolation and investigation of bioactive materials from marine organisms is a topic of current research interest in the food industry. Among marine-derived bioactive materials, peptides, chitosan, sulfated polysaccharides, phlorotannins, and natural pigments are potential neuroprotective agents. This review elaborates on the neuroprotective mechanisms of marine-derived bioactive materials and emphasizes prospects for use in neuroprotection as part of nutraceuticals and functional foods.