Previous biochemical studies indicate that (Na++K+) is composed of two subunits, α and β, in a form of α2β2 with a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 daltons. There is also suggestive evidence that the Na+, K+ pump in human erythrocytes occurs in a complex with some glycolytic enzymes. We assessed here in situ assembly size of the (Na++K+) of human erythrocytes by applying classical target theory to radiation inactivation data of the ouabain-sensitive sodium flux and ATP hydrolysis of intact cells and ghosts. Cells(in the presence of cryoprotective agent) and ghosts were irradiated at -45℃ to -50℃ with an increasing dose of a 1.5 MeV electron beam, and after thawing, the pump and/or enzyme activities were assayed. Each activity measured was decreased as a simple exponential function of radiation dose, from which a radiation sensitive volume (target size) was calculated. When intact cells were used, the target size of both (Na++K+) and Na+, K+ pump was found to be approximately 600,000 daltons. This target size of the ATPase was reduced to approximately 325,000 daltons if the cells were pretreated with strophanthidin. When ghosts were used, the target size of the ATPase was again approximately 325,000 daltons. Our target size measurement suggests that, in intact cells, the (Na++K+)-ATPase/Na+,K+ pump exists either as a dimer of (αβ)2 which is a functional unit or as a monomer of (αβ)2 but in tight complex with other enzyme or enzymes. The results also suggest that this dimeric or heterocomplex association is dissociated during ghost preparation and strophanthidin treatment.