Clinically, subhypnotic doses of barbiturates have been known to elicit hyperalgesia. In this experiment, effect of acute or chronic phenobarital treatment on the response to pain in rat was reevaluated by hot-plate method. To elucidate its mechanism, changes of β-endorphin contents and [3H]-morphine binding of the rat midbrain as well as functional opiate receptor in vas deferens were also measured. Intraperitoneal injection of sub anesthetic dose phenobarbital induced initial hyperalgesia followed by successive analgesia, while chronic phenobarbital-treatment decreased reactivity to pain. Naloxone (10mg/kg, i.p.) markedly shortened hot plate latency period, and significantly inhibited the analgesic action of phenobarbital. Single dose of phenobarbital did not affect β-endorphin contents and [3H]-morphine binding in rat mid brain, but in the chronic phenobarbital-treated groups, β-endorphin contents was increased, while Bmax of opiate receptor binding was decreased. Moreover, very significant correlations among responses to pain, changes of β-endorphin contents and opiate receptor binding were observed. However, Kd values of opiate receptor bindings were not changed in all preparations. In the chronic phenobarbital-treated vas deferens preparations, ID50 of morphine was increased witb concomittant decrease of maximum effect. But pA2 , value for naloxone was not changed. From these results, it is suggested that phenobarbital can produce analgesia due to changes of β-endorphin contents as well as functional opiate receptors by receptor regulation.