The present article aims to reveal the fundamental factors which contributed
to the popularity of the ancient Indian collection of fables, the Pa?catantra,
shown in its world-wide circulation and consequently numerous adaptations
made in diverse places and periods. By analyzing the major aspects of the
morals offered by the Pa?catantra with two indigenous Indian terms, namely
dharma (traditional morals) and n?ti (art of living), the cultural context of the
text could be made clearer in regard to not only its contents but also its way
of literary composition and transmission.
In the introduction of the article, the position of the Pa?catantra in the
history of world literature and its textual transmission in India is explicated.
The introduction also includes a short review of the current state of philological
research on the transmissions of numerous versions which points to the
significnace of the oldest extant adaptation of the work, i.e. the
Tantr?khy?yika. Based on the Tantr?khy?yika, I have sketched the cultural
and religious background of the Pa?catantra in ancient India. The main and
at the same time moral reason for the popularity of the text lies in the tension between the traditional ethics (dharma) and the art of living (n?ti).
This approach allows not only the individual stories more comprehensible,
but also the historical background of the formation of the stories tangible,
namely in form of narratives in prose combined with verses which show strong
link with the genre of the aphorisms (subh??ita) and the worldly wisdom
(n?ti??stra) widely circulated in ancient India. This discussion explains also
the literary devices employed in the Pa?catantra, i.e. the shift of the spatial
background into southern India and the character settings as animals with a
view to avoiding the nuisance of the real absurdity in life. Furthermore, the
realistic development of the stories without any wondrous incidences is also
crucial in avoiding the loss of the persuasive power of the stories offered as
lessons for the worldly wisdom.