This article is to analyze the perspective of Harriet Martineau’s American
travel. Alexis de Tocquville’s Democracy in America(1835, 1840) has been well
known as an insightful work by an astute foreign observer who assayed the
character of American politics and social institutions. However, Harriet Martineau’s
Society in America(1837) was less well known than Tocqueville’s that. The neglect
of Martineau, relative to Tocqueville, results from the border of sexual double
standard in the 19th century.
Despite the apparent similarities between Tocqueville and Martineau, the
record documents significantly differed in their backgrounds, purposes, and
methods. Martineau sought a trip for rest and relaxation and tried to observe the
United States through the perspective of the objective observer. By contrast,
Tocquevill went to view American penal institutions through the “author
spectacles”.
Futhermore, Tocqueville’s conversations with male informants are flawed by
extreme class bias. He interviewed primarily men from the professional,
upper-middle, and upper classes. But Martineau included women, slaves, and poor
and lower class who were living on the margins of the society. It showed that
Tocquevill’s methodological perspective had ‘the want of sympathy’ about women
and slaves and failed to notice the differences between ideal and real lives.
In short, it is Mratineau’s more inclusive and progressive conviction, not
Tocquvill’s, that is institutionalized today in voting rights for women, people of
color, and the economically dispossessed.