The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to identify the working conditions of health caretakers working at sanatoriums for seniors and the levels of their exhaustion; and second, to demonstrate the relationships the working atmosphere, role characteristics, and fairness of the reward system bear to the health caretakers’exhaustion. To this end, this study has conducted a survey involving caretakers working at sanatoriums for seniors in Incheon, South Korea. The survey took place over a period of two weeks, from November 5 through November 20, 2011. Atotal of 250 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to 23 sanatoriums (including convalescent institutions and common family homes) in Incheon, and 232 were collected. Excluding the ten incomplete copies, a total of 222 copies were used in the analysis. The data collected from the questionnaire were coded and cleaned and processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 17.0. The findings are as follows: First, an analysis of whether the health caretakers’demographic characteristics bore any significant influence on their working environment and atmosphere showed that gender was a statistically significant variable in terms of the overall organizational atmosphere, as well as in such sub-factors as the willingness to take risks, the levels of targets and achievements, tolerance of conflicts, the sense of unity, and the sense of responsibility (p<.05). Women were relatively more willing to take and share the risks, set higher targets and achieved more, were more tolerant of conflicts, and had greater senses of unity and responsibility than their male counterparts. Second, an analysis of whether the health caretakers’demographic characteristics bore any significant influence on their role characteristics showed that gender was again a statistically significant variable in terms of such sub-factors of role characteristics as ambiguity and role conflicts (p<.05). Men, in other words, were more aware of the ambiguity of their roles than their female counterparts, while they also experienced less role conflict than their female counterparts. Third, a technical statistical analysis of the overall reward system for the health caretakers showed that ‘education and training’ (M=2.95) was the highest-scoring factor, followed by ‘the opportunity for promotion’ (M=2.86), ‘job security’ (M=2.61), ‘the fairness of monetary rewards’ (M=2.55), ‘the fairness of vacations’(M=2.52), and ‘social recognition’ (M=1.40). The overall reward system scored 2.53 points on average. Fourth, a technical statistical analysis of the health caretakers’ exhaustion showed that ‘mental exhaustion’ (M=3.37) was the highest-scoring factor, followed by ‘objectification’ (M-3.06) and ‘the declining sense of fulfillment’(M=3.04). The health caretakers reported a level of exhaustion scoring 3.18 points on average. Fifth, an analysis of the causal relations among the variables and their relations to the caretakers’ working environment and exhaustion showed that the explicatory power of the regression model was 10.8%, and that the regression formula retained statistical significance (F=4.831, p<.001). The independent variables, such as the targets and achievements of the sanatoriums and the responsibilities required of caretakers, were found to bear a positive relationship to their mental exhaustion (p<.01). This study suggests that, in order to reduce the levels of mental exhaustion that health caretakers experience, it is of paramount importance to set appropriate targets and levels of achievements or responsibilities required of them. In order to prevent the decline in the sense of fulfillment or achievement in these caretakers, it is also important to increase the targets, achievements, and senses of unity and responsibility, supported by a good organizational structure as well as fair rewards and vacations. Lastly, in order to decrease the objectification that health caretakers experience, it is necessary to ensure good opportunities for promotion, provide appropriate and fair vacations, and enhance job security.